An outline of a character showing an overview of INDIRECT and DIRECT characterizations.
Lesson Preview · Grades 3-5

Characterization Lesson

Skill: Characterizations

Learn how to identify how an author reveals who a character is. You will learn direct characterization and indirect characterization, plus the STEAL framework for the five kinds of indirect clues: Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks. Available at three reading levels for grades 3 to 12.

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What is Characterization?
How authors show what a character is like
  • How do we know who a character really is?
  • The author has to show us.
  • Let’s learn how to spot the clues!
Narrator and Characters
Two roles in every story
  • Narrator = the one telling the story
  • Characters = everyone in the story
  • Sometimes the narrator is also a character in the story.
Narration vs. Dialogue
  • Dialogue = what characters say (in quotation marks)
  • Narration = what the narrator says (everything else)
  • These two have different voices. Pay attention to who is talking!
  • Example
  • I am the narrator, so my words do not get quotation marks. But when a character speaks, their words do. My friend John just walked up and asked, "Do you want to go outside?" John's dialogue gets quotes because he is a character. My narration does not, because narration is not dialogue.
Two Types of Characterization
The author can tell us… or show us.
  • Direct Characterization = the narrator tells us a trait
  • Indirect Characterization = the author shows us with clues
  • Tell or show? That is the big question.
Direct Characterization
The narrator tells us what a character is like.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator names a trait in the narration.
  • You do NOT need to figure it out. It is explicit.
  • Example
  • Mary was unstoppable when it came to puzzles.
Indirect Characterization
The author shows us with clues. The reader figures out the trait.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator does NOT name the trait.
  • The reader has to figure it out. It is implicit.
  • Example
  • Daniela carried the groceries up three flights of stairs for her neighbor. She made the trip twice.
Explicit vs. Implicit
  • Explicit = clearly stated.
  • Ex: Ana was impatient.
  • Implicit = hinted or implied.
  • Ex: Ana tapped her foot and sighed while the line moved slowly.
  • Direct characterization is explicit. Indirect characterization is implicit. Let's look at another way to understand indirect characterization.
The STEAL Framework
Five kinds of clues spell STEAL.
  • S = Speech: what a character says
  • T = Thoughts: what a character thinks
  • E = Effect on others: how others react
  • A = Actions: what a character does
  • L = Looks: how a character appears
  • Let’s look at each one with an example...
Speech
What a character says can reveal who they are.
  • Look at the words in quotation marks.
  • Example
  • “You can sit with us,” Pam said, moving her backpack to make room.
  • Trait: Kind, welcoming, outgoing
  • The narrator does not say the trait. We infer it.
Thoughts
What a character thinks or feels inside can reveal who they are.
  • The narrator shows what’s inside the character’s head.
  • Example
  • Owen wondered if everyone would laugh at his answer.
  • Trait: nervous or unsure
  • Careful: A revealed thought is indirect characterization, not direct characterization.Unless the narrator labels the trait directly.
Effect on Others
How others react to a character can reveal who they are.
  • Watch what other characters do when this one is around.
  • Example
  • When Coach Vega walked in, the team stopped joking and stood up straight.
  • Trait: strict, respected, or intimidating
Actions
What a character does can reveal who they are.
  • Watch what the character does, especially when no one is asking.
  • Example
  • Mateo picked up the wrappers his teammates left on the field.
  • Trait: responsible or helpful
Looks
How a character appears can reveal who they are.
  • Look for details in how the character appears that signal something deeper.
  • Example
  • Her braids were perfect, every bead in the right spot.
  • Trait: neat, precise, or careful
Characterization Review
  • Characterization is how authors reveal character traits.
  • Direct characterization: the narrator tells the trait.
  • Indirect characterization: the author shows clues, and the reader infers the trait.
  • STEAL clues are Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks.
  • Now you’re ready to practice!

Review

Shown after slides, one question at a time

Review
Basketball practice started at 5:00. Omar arrived at 4:00. His sneakers were already tied. He shot free throws alone until practice started. After practice, Omar stayed to shoot ten more. What character trait is revealed about Omar?
  • Rude
  • Greedy
  • Dedicated
  • Silly
  • Careless
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Omar is dedicated because he arrives early, practices alone, and stays after practice to keep improving.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Diego stood in the long line at the post office with his uncle. The line had not moved in ten minutes. "This is amazing," Diego said. "I have always dreamed of standing on this exact tile for the rest of my life." His uncle laughed. The line still did not move. "Wow," Diego said. "We are making excellent progress." Which character trait is revealed about Diego?
  • Quiet
  • Sarcastic
  • Polite
  • Generous
  • Athletic
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Diego's comments are not authentic. Rather, he is mocking the slow line and his speech reveals a sarcastic sense of humor.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Mateo found a coin pouch near the dragon game. It had a name card and twenty game tokens inside. Mateo did not take any tokens. He carried the pouch to the counter and turned it into the lost-and-found. Which character trait is revealed about Mateo?
  • Honest
  • Boastful
  • Messy
  • Timid
  • Impatient
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Mateo is honest because he returns the pouch instead of taking the tokens, even though he could have used them.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Carl opened the letter that said he had won a free trip to a tropical island. He had never entered a contest. The letter asked him to send his name, his address, and the numbers on his bank card to claim his prize. Carl thought to himself that no one gives anything away for free. He wondered who could really need those numbers from him. Then he dropped the letter in the trash. Which character trait is revealed about Carl?
  • Reckless
  • Lazy
  • Boastful
  • Greedy
  • Skeptical
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Carl's thoughts reveal his doubts: he wonders why anyone would need his bank card numbers and decides nobody gives vacations away for free. His thoughts show that he is skeptical.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Helen wanted the sparrow to eat from her hand. The first day, she sat on the porch and held out seeds for an hour. The bird did not come. The second day, she sat for two hours. The bird hopped close but flew away. The third day, the bird grabbed one seed and flew off. By the second week, the bird stayed on her thumb to eat. Helen never tried to rush it. Which character trait is revealed about Helen?
  • Foolish
  • Impulsive
  • Bossy
  • Patient
  • Selfish
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Helen sits still for hours, day after day, slowly earning the sparrow's trust without rushing or quitting. Her actions reveal patience.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
There was one slice of pizza left in the box. Malik had not eaten all day. His little cousin Dax stared at the slice too. Malik's stomach growled loud. He picked up the slice, ripped it in half, and gave the bigger half to Dax. "You can have it," Malik said. Then he smiled and ate his small half slow. Which character trait is revealed about Malik?
  • Generous
  • Greedy
  • Shy
  • Bossy
  • Hungry
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Malik may be hungry but that's not really a trait that defines him. The better read here is that Malik still gives the bigger half to Dax, even though he is hungry. This reveals generosity. (Actions)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Theo held up his swimming trophy at lunch. "I won this," he said. "I always win. I am the fastest one on the team. Nobody can beat me." Jordan said, "Nice job." Theo said, "Of course it is. I am the best. Did I tell you I am the fastest? I am." Jordan looked at his sandwich and did not say anything else. Which character trait is revealed about Theo?
  • Considerate
  • Friendly
  • Boastful
  • Humble
  • Nervous
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Everything Theo says is about how great he is. His speech reveals he is boastful. Notice that he is the only one talking himself up. Jordan goes quiet, which is the effect on others.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Ms. Akers asked the class who could name the planets. Hana knew all of them. But she pulled her sleeves down over her hands and slid lower in her seat. She looked at her desk. Her face turned red when Ms. Akers glanced her way. Hana did not raise her hand. After class, she told her friend all the planets in order, fast and perfect. Which character trait is revealed about Hana?
  • Bored
  • Unprepared
  • Rude
  • Confident
  • Shy
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Hana's appearance and body language (pulling her sleeves down, sinking in her seat, blushing, avoiding eye contact) show she is shy. We know she is prepared because she lists the planets perfectly afterward. (Looks)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
The class voted on a name for their fish. "Bubbles is too silly," Camron said. "Captain Finn is too fancy. Goldie is too boring." When Maya said, "Then what name do you like?" Camron crossed his arms. "Not any of those." Which character trait is revealed about Camron?
  • Curious
  • Argumentative
  • Helpful
  • Loyal
  • Considerate
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Camron is argumentative because he rejects every suggestion and focuses on disagreeing instead of helping choose a name.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Grandma Rosa stood in the store with two cans of beans. One can was cheaper but smaller. She did the math in her head. "More beans for less money over here," she said, and put back the cheaper can. She had a folder of coupons. She used three of them. At the register, she watched the screen the whole time to make sure each price was right. Which character trait is revealed about Grandma Rosa?
  • Greedy
  • Wasteful
  • Generous
  • Indecisive
  • Frugal
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Grandma Rosa compares prices, uses coupons, and double-checks everything. Her actions and words show she is frugal (careful and smart with money). (Actions, Speech)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)