An outline of a character showing an overview of INDIRECT and DIRECT characterizations.
Lesson Preview · Grades 6-8

Characterization Lesson

Skill: Characterizations

Learn how to identify how an author reveals who a character is. You will learn direct characterization and indirect characterization, plus the STEAL framework for the five kinds of indirect clues: Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks. Available at three reading levels for grades 3 to 12.

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What is Characterization?
How authors reveal who a character is
  • How do we know who a character really is?
  • The author has to communicate it.
  • Let’s learn how to identify the clues.
Narrator and Characters
Two roles in every story
  • Narrator = the one telling the story
  • Characters = everyone in the story
  • Sometimes the narrator is also a character in the story.
Narration vs. Dialogue
  • Dialogue = what characters say (in quotation marks)
  • Narration = what the narrator says (everything else)
  • These two have different voices. The narrator’s voice and a character’s voice are not the same source.
  • Example
  • I am the narrator, so my words do not get quotation marks. But when a character speaks, their words do. My friend John just walked up and asked, "Do you want to go outside?" John's dialogue gets quotes because he is a character. My narration does not, because narration is not dialogue.
Two Ways to Characterize
The author can tell us… or show us.
  • Direct Characterization = the narrator states the trait
  • Indirect Characterization = the author reveals the trait through clues
  • Tell or show? That is the big question.
Direct Characterization
The narrator explicitly states a character’s trait.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator names a trait in the narration.
  • No interpretation needed. The trait is explicit.
  • Example
  • Henry was reckless and quick to anger.
Indirect Characterization
The author reveals the trait through clues the reader interprets.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator never names the trait.
  • The reader has to infer. The trait is implicit.
  • Example
  • Renee retyped her email three times. She wanted every word to be perfect before sending it to her boss.
Explicit vs. Implicit
  • Explicit means directly and clearly stated.
  • Ex: Mina was generous.
  • Implicit means suggested, hinted, or implied.
  • Ex: Mina slipped her extra bag of chips into Eli’s backpack before he noticed.
  • Direct characterization is usually explicit. Indirect characterization is implicit. Let's look at another way to understand indirect characterization.
The STEAL Framework
Five categories of clues spell STEAL.
  • S = Speech: what the character says
  • T = Thoughts: what the character thinks or feels
  • E = Effect on others: how others react
  • A = Actions: what the character does
  • L = Looks: how the character appears
  • Let’s look at each one with an example...
Speech
What the character says reveals who they are.
  • Look inside the quotation marks. The character’s own words carry the clue.
  • Example
  • “Relax,” Imani said. “I made a backup plan for the backup plan.”
  • Trait: Prepared, careful, organized
  • The narrator does not say the trait. We infer it.
Thoughts
What the character thinks or feels reveals who they are.
  • The narrator enters the character’s head. Watch for signal words.
  • Example
  • Carlos wondered if anyone would notice if he quietly left the party.
  • Trait: shy, anxious, or uncomfortable
  • Careful: A narrated thought is indirect characterization unless the narrator directly labels the trait.
Effect on Others
How others react to the character reveals who they are.
  • Watch other characters’ behavior when this one appears.
  • Example
  • When Ms. Arlo raised one eyebrow, the entire debate team went silent.
  • Trait: strict, respected, or intimidating
  • The clue sits in other people’s behavior.
Actions
What the character does reveals who they are.
  • Watch what the character chooses to do, especially when no one is watching.
  • Example
  • During the fire drill, Jayden went back to help a sixth grader who had dropped her crutches.
  • Trait: brave, helpful, or compassionate
Looks
How the character appears reveals who they are.
  • The narrator describes details that signal something deeper about the character.
  • Example
  • Ahmad kept every badge from every robotics contest pinned neatly across his backpack.
  • Trait: pride, organization, or dedication
Mixed Characterization
Direct and indirect can appear together
  • Example
  • Amara was competitive. She refreshed the leaderboard every ten seconds and smiled only when her name moved back to first place.
  • Sentence 1 is direct: the narrator says Amara is competitive.
  • Sentence 2 is indirect: her action shows that she cares about winning.
  • Good readers can spot both.
Characterization Review
  • Characterization is how authors reveal character traits.
  • Direct characterization: the narrator explicitly states a trait.
  • Indirect characterization: the narrator implies a trait through clues.
  • STEAL clues are Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks.
  • Now you’re ready to practice!

Review

Shown after slides, one question at a time

Review
Basketball practice started at 5:00, but Omar pushed open the gym door at 4:00 with his sneakers already tied. He shot free throws alone until the rest of the team arrived, and by then Omar was already sweaty. After practice ended, he asked the coach if he could stay for an extra half an hour. What character trait is revealed about Omar?
  • Rude
  • Greedy
  • Dedicated
  • Silly
  • Careless
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Omar is dedicated because he arrives early, practices alone, and stays after practice to keep improving.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Diego stood in the long line at the post office with his uncle, who was holding three large boxes. The line had not moved in ten minutes. "This is incredible," Diego said. "I have always dreamed of standing on this exact tile for the rest of my natural life." His uncle snorted. The line still did not move. A clerk waved one customer forward. "Wow," Diego said. "At this rate, we will be done sometime around my high school graduation." Which character trait is revealed about Diego?
  • Quiet
  • Sarcastic
  • Polite
  • Generous
  • Athletic
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Diego's comments are not authentic. Rather, he is mocking the slow line and his speech reveals a sarcastic sense of humor.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Mateo found a leather coin pouch under the bench near the dragon game. Inside were twenty game tokens and a name card that said "Kristina Bell." His friends were already in line for snacks, and the tokens would have paid for all them. Mateo closed the pouch, walked to the counter, and turned it in to the lost-and-found. Which character trait is revealed about Mateo?
  • Honest
  • Boastful
  • Messy
  • Timid
  • Impatient
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Mateo is honest because he returns the pouch instead of taking the tokens, even though he could have used them.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Carl opened the bright envelope that promised he had won a free trip to a tropical island. He paused. He had never entered a contest in his life. The letter asked him to mail in his full name, his home address, and the long number printed across his bank card to claim his prize. He wondered, briefly, who would actually need those numbers from him to book a flight. No one gives away vacations for free, he thought, no matter what the gold writing says. Then he dropped the letter into the recycling bin. Which character trait is revealed about Carl?
  • Reckless
  • Lazy
  • Boastful
  • Greedy
  • Skeptical
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Carl's thoughts reveal his doubts: he wonders why anyone would need his bank card numbers and decides nobody gives vacations away for free. His thoughts show that he is skeptical.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Helen wanted to feed the sparrow from her open hand. The first afternoon she sat on the porch step and held out a small pile of seeds for nearly an hour. The bird never came near. The second afternoon she sat for two hours. The bird hopped close, looked at her, and flew away. The third afternoon it darted in, snatched a single seed, and was gone. By the end of the second week, the sparrow stayed on her thumb long enough to finish a meal. Helen never once tried to rush the process. Which character trait is revealed about Helen?
  • Foolish
  • Impulsive
  • Bossy
  • Patient
  • Selfish
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Helen sits still for hours, day after day, slowly earning the sparrow's trust without rushing or quitting. Her actions reveal patience.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
One slice of pizza sat in the box, and Malik had not eaten since breakfast. His little cousin Dax kept glancing at it too, then at Malik, then back at the slice. Malik's stomach growled loud enough for both of them to hear. He picked up the slice, tore it cleanly in half, and slid the bigger piece across the table to Dax. "Go ahead, it's yours," Malik said. He ate his smaller half slowly, like he wanted it to last. Which character trait is revealed about Malik?
  • Generous
  • Greedy
  • Shy
  • Bossy
  • Hungry
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Malik may be hungry but that's not really a trait that defines him. The better read here is that Malik still gives the bigger half to Dax, even though he is hungry. This reveals generosity. (Actions)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Theo put his swimming trophy on the lunch table so everyone could see it. "I won this," he said. "Honestly, I always win. I'm the fastest one on the whole team, probably the whole league." Jordan said, "Nice job." Theo waved the comment away. "Nice? It's better than nice. I'm the best there is, and I'll be the best next year too." Jordan stared down at his sandwich and stopped responding. Which character trait is revealed about Theo?
  • Considerate
  • Friendly
  • Boastful
  • Humble
  • Nervous
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Everything Theo says is about how great he is. His speech reveals he is boastful. Notice that he is the only one talking himself up. Jordan goes quiet, which is the effect on others.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Ms. Akers asked who could name all the planets in order. Hana knew every one of them. But she tugged her sleeves down over her hands and slid lower in her chair, keeping her eyes fixed on the surface of her desk. When Ms. Akers's gaze swept toward her, Hana's face went hot and red, and she did not lift her hand. Later, walking out, she rattled off all eight planets to her friend without a single mistake. Which character trait is revealed about Hana?
  • Bored
  • Unprepared
  • Rude
  • Confident
  • Timid
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Hana's appearance and body language (pulling her sleeves down, sinking in her seat, blushing, avoiding eye contact) show she is timid. We know she is prepared because she lists the planets perfectly afterward. (Looks)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
The class tried to choose a name for their new fish. "Bubbles is too silly," Camron said. "Captain Finn is too fancy. Goldie is too boring." Maya sighed and asked, "Then what name do you actually like?" Camron crossed his arms and leaned back in his chair. "I just know all of those are wrong," he said. Which character trait is revealed about Camron?
  • Curious
  • Argumentative
  • Helpful
  • Loyal
  • Considerate
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Camron is argumentative because he rejects every suggestion and focuses on disagreeing instead of helping choose a name.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Grandma Rosa stood in the aisle holding two cans of beans, weighing one against the other. The smaller can cost less, but she muttered the math under her breath. "More beans per dollar in the big one," she said, and set the smaller can back on the shelf. She pulled a worn folder of coupons from her bag and chose three. At the register, she kept her eyes on the screen, checking that every price rang up exactly as the shelf had promised. Which character trait is revealed about Grandma Rosa?
  • Greedy
  • Wasteful
  • Generous
  • Indecisive
  • Frugal
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Grandma Rosa compares prices, uses coupons, and double-checks everything. Her actions and words show she is frugal (careful and smart with money). (Actions, Speech)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)