A vibrant collage of fiction genres: astronaut in spaceship for sci-fi, knight in castle for historical, family dinner for realistic, wizard battling dragon for fantasy
Lesson Preview · Grades 9-12

Genre and Subgenre Lesson

Skill: Genre and Subgenre

This lesson explains the five major literary genres — fiction, nonfiction, folklore, drama, and poetry — and then dives into some of the subgenres. Students learn to identify and distinguish subgenres like science fiction, mystery, historical fiction, biography, autobiography, informational text, fable, fairy tale, myth, legend, and tall tale. After the lesson, students practice classifying a variety of texts by genre and subgenre. Available at three reading levels for grades 3–12.

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Genre
Genre = Category
  • Subgenre
  • Subgenre = Category within a category
  • Example
  • A BANANA → is a FOOD → is a FRUIT.
  • Harry Potter → is FICTION → is FANTASY.
Genre Overview
The 5 Main Genres
  • Fiction - Creative or imaginative writing; made up.
  • Nonfiction - Writing that is true or factual.
  • Folklore - Stories passed down orally (by word of mouth).
  • Drama - A play or script.
  • Poetry - Writing that is concerned with the beauty of language.
  • Let's look at each of these more closely...
Subgenres of Fiction
An Overview
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Historical Fiction
  • Science Fiction
  • Fantasy
  • Let's look at each of these a little closer.
Realistic Fiction
Stories that could be true but aren't.
  • Key Clues
  • Everyday settings, relatable problems, no magic/aliens/historical anchors.
  • Examples
  • The Weight of the Name by Sarah Jenkins
  • Clara is offered a controversial internship. Now she is struggling to balance her family’s high expectations for her future against her own plans and desires.
  • Exit Interview by Tom Kessler
  • A student newspaper editor discovers a story that could expose favoritism in the scholarship process. This is a big deal, but publishing it may mean burning a bridge with her favorite teacher.
Historical Fiction
A made-up story set around a real event or person from history
  • Key Clues
  • Specific dates or eras and real wars or events from the past.
  • Examples
  • My Family Name by Kenji Sugiyama
  • In 1944, many Japanese-Americans were forced to leave their homes and businesses. This is the story of a teenager struggling to maintain his family's honor while living in one of these camps.
  • To Toss the Cap by Amara Howard
  • A young Black woman enrolls in a newly integrated university in 1962. She deals with hostile classmates and harassment. She wonders whether earning her degree is worth enduring what it costs her every day to walk through those doors.
Science Fiction
Has aliens, advanced technology, or is set in outer space or the future
  • Key Clues
  • Futuristic dates, space travel, alien species, and advanced technology
  • Examples
  • The Seventy-Year Drift by Catalina Voss
  • Seventeen-year-old Wren finds herself aboard a generation ship bound for a distant planet. Her world changes when she uncovers evidence that the ship's navigation AI has been making decisions it was never authorized to make.
  • Meridian Upload by Joss Tanaka
  • Schools have replaced books with brain downloads. A new machine beams lessons into students' brains. But 8th grade student Dex Parker discovers something shocking. The latest update is quietly rewriting the way that some students think.
Fantasy
Has monsters, magic, or characters with superpowers
  • Key Clues
  • Spells, dragons, monsters, or magical realms
  • Examples
  • Thornspell by Gina Harris
  • After accidentally unlocking a dark magic sealed in his grandmother's garden, fourteen-year-old Callum discovers he can speak to animals. But every word he says drains the magic keeping an ancient forest alive.
  • Ink and Bone by Tariq Hollis
  • Renna discovers she can pull objects out of books just by tracing the illustrations with her finger — a sword from an adventure novel, a key from a mystery. But every object she removes changes the story it came from, and those changes are starting to leak into the real world.
Subgenres of Nonfiction
An Overview
  • Informational Writing
  • Persuasive Writing
  • Autobiography
  • Biography
  • Let's look at each of these a little more closely.
Informational Writing
Gives facts, explains, teaches
  • Key Clues
  • Textbooks, cookbooks, how-to guides, reference materials; may have an objective tone; explains, describes, or teaches something
  • Examples
  • All About Sharks by Dr. Raymond Finnegan
  • This book teaches you all about oceanic sharks. You will learn what they eat, their preferred habitats, and how they swim so fast.
  • Sauces Made Easy by Ruby Sanders
  • This text teaches readers how to make dozens of simple, delectable sauces to serve with any meal. Includes step-by-step directions to simmer your way to satisfaction.
Persuasive Writing
Tries to influence or convince the reader
  • Key Clues
  • Argues, tries to convince, uses words like "should" or "must," asks readers to take action
  • Examples
  • Why Homework Should Include Choice by Leah Sandler
  • Leah argues that schools should replace one-size-fits-all homework with student-selected options. She thinks this will build independence and improve engagement. She presents arguments supporting her opinion. Then she asks teachers to support a pilot program.
  • Screen-Free Saturdays: A Case for Unplugging by Derek Montoya
  • In this essay, the author argues that families should commit to one screen-free day per week. He presents research on how constant device use affects focus and sleep. Then he encourages readers to challenge themselves to try it for a month.
Autobiography
One's life story written by oneself
  • Root Words
  • AUTO = self | BIO = life | GRAPHY = writing
  • Examples
  • Running Toward Morning by Elena Cruz
  • In this true memoir, Elena recounts how distance running carried her through family loss and public failure. Readers will find her honest voice both moving and inspiring.
  • Night by Elie Wiesel
  • Elie Wiesel tells the true story of his own life as a young boy during World War II. He tells how the Nazis took him and his family to horrific prison camps like Auschwitz, where many people suffered and died. Elie wrote this book to share his sad memories and teach us never to forget the Holocaust.
Biography
A person’s life story written by someone else
  • Root Words
  • BIO = life | GRAPHY = writing
  • Examples
  • A Mind Like No Other: The Story of Leonardo da Vinci by Paul Sutton
  • Sutton's book is about the life of Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, an inventor, and a scientist all at the same time. Leonardo da Vinci filled notebooks with drawings of flying machines and the human body and was one of the most creative people who ever lived.
  • The Queen of the Nile: Cleopatra's Story by Diana Frost
  • Diana Frost tells the true story of Cleopatra, the famous queen of ancient Egypt. Cleopatra was smart and spoke many languages. She led her country during a very difficult time and made alliances with some of the most powerful leaders in the ancient world.
Folklore
Stories passed down by telling and retelling
  • Part of the oral tradition
  • Usually teach a lesson or explain something
  • "RETOLD BY," "ADAPTED BY," and "UNKNOWN"
A family clan huddled by a campfire under starry skies, grandfather recounting a tale to grandchildren and relatives, dramatic shadows from flames highlighting intent faces and woven blankets.
Subgenres of Folklore
An Overview
  • Fable
  • Fairy Tale
  • Tall Tale
  • Legend
  • Myth
  • Let's look at each of these a little more closely.
Fable
Very short story with talking animals and a clearly stated moral
  • Key Clues
  • Very short; animals act and speak like humans; ends with a clearly stated lesson
  • Examples
  • The Tortoise and the Hare retold by Nina Solis
  • A Hare mocks a Tortoise and suggests that they compete in a race. The Hare speeds ahead, and, thinking he doesn’t need to try hard to beat the Tortoise, lies down under a tree to nap. The Tortoise, not bothered by the crowd’s laughter, keeps going at his steady speed. Eventually, he crosses the finish line before the Hare even wakes up. Slow and steady wins the race.
  • The Ant and the Grasshopper retold by Marcus Adler
  • During the warm summer, an Ant works hard every day, saving food for the future, while a Grasshopper laughs at him and spends all his time playing and singing. When winter comes and there is little food, the Grasshopper, now in trouble, begs the Ant for help. He learns that counting on others to help is not as good as planning ahead. Prepare today for the needs of tomorrow.
Fairy Tale
Has magic, monsters, and/or talking animals
  • Key Clues
  • “Once upon a time,” human main character, magic and monsters
  • Examples
  • Goldilocks and the Three Bears retold by Catherine Marsh
  • Once upon a time, a girl named Goldilocks enters a cottage in the forest and proceeds to eat, break, and sleep her way through the possessions of its three bear inhabitants. Eventually the bears return home. Understandably, they are upset and Goldilocks is forced to confront the consequences of her actions, which in this case means she must flee to safety through a window.
  • Cinderella adapted by Rosa Vidal
  • Once upon a time, a young maiden named Cinderella was living with her cruel stepmother and her malevolent stepsisters. They forced Cinderella to toil endlessly and never enjoy herself for a moment. One night, Cinderella's fairy godmother transforms Cinderella, giving her a beautiful dress, glass slippers, and an enchanted pumpkin carriage! Cinderella goes to the prince's ball and has a grand time. But at midnight, the magic wears off and Cinderella must flee precipitously. The love-smitten prince finds the glass slipper that she left behind and conducts a search for her. He uses this slipper as a clue to find her, and in the end they live happily ever after.
Tall Tale
Funny stories set in the Wild West where the main character's size or skill is greatly exaggerated
  • Key Clues
  • American frontier setting and humorous exaggeration
  • Examples
  • Paul Bunyan and the Great Lakes retold by Gerald Hawkins
  • Paul Bunyan was the biggest, strongest lumberjack who ever lived. Paul stood so tall that birds nested in his beard. Paul could fell a thousand trees with a single swing of his mighty axe. And Paul was strong enough to straighten a crooked river. The Great Lakes themselves were nothing more than Paul's bootprints from a particularly long walk that later filled with rain.
  • Pecos Bill and the Tornado retold by Donna Whitfield
  • Pecos Bill could lasso a lightning bolt and wrestle a grizzly bear before breakfast. Raised by coyotes on the open plains, he became the greatest cowboy the frontier ever saw. His most celebrated feat, however, was riding a tornado. When a cyclone the size of three counties came tearing across the Texas panhandle, Bill roped it, mounted it bareback, and held on for a ride that crossed four state lines.
Legend
A story based on a real person or place that might be true but is exaggerated
  • Key Clues
  • Based on a real figure, facts stretched beyond nonfiction, tone is serious
  • Examples
  • 300 retold by Anton Christou
  • King Leonidas of Sparta, commanding a rear guard of roughly 300 Spartans and a smaller contingent of allied Greeks, held the coastal pass against the full might of a Persian invasion force for three days in 480 BCE. They fought in a narrow pass at Thermopylae. The Persian army numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Some say there were over a million Persian troops. For three days, the Spartans refused to retreat, fighting in shifts and using the tight terrain to neutralize the enemy's overwhelming numbers. The size of the Persian army meant nothing in this narrow pass. Leonidas and his small force held off hundreds of thousands of Persians and saved Sparta.
  • Robin Hood and the Silver Arrow adapted by Margaret Ashford
  • An outlaw named Robin Hood hid in the ancient depths of Sherwood Forest during the medieval period and waged a one-man war against the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham. With a band of loyal followers, Robin robbed wealthy nobles and returned the money to the poor. He became a hero to the common people. Robin's legendary marksmanship, his ability to evade capture despite a substantial bounty, and exploits such as splitting an opponent's arrow at tournament have been told and retold for centuries. No one knows for sure if Robin Hood was a real person, but the forest is real.
Myth
Has gods and goddesses; may explain the creation of something
  • Key Clues
  • Gods/goddesses, origin/creation explanations, ancient cultures
  • Examples
  • Persephone and the Seasons adapted by Daniel Okoro
  • According to the ancient Greeks, Demeter, the goddess of the harvest, plunged the world into endless winter after her daughter Persephone was taken to the underworld by the god Hades. No crops grew and the mortals began to starve. Zeus brokered a compromise: Persephone would spend half the year above ground with her mother and half below with Hades. This is how the Greeks explained why the earth blooms in spring and dies back in winter.
  • Ra and the First Morning retold by Farah Sayed
  • According to the ancient Egyptians, the universe began as an endless expanse of dark, churning water called Nun. From this nothingness, the sun god Ra willed himself into existence. He rose above the surface, bringing light to the void for the first time. Then Ra spoke the names of all things — the sky, the earth, the rivers, and every living creature. Each came into being at the sound of his voice. The ancient Egyptians believed that Ra continued to sail across the sky each day and through the underworld each night, endlessly repeating the journey that began with creation.
Drama
Stories written in script form; meant to be performed
  • Key Clues
  • Looks like a script: character names followed by lines.
  • Examples
  • Juliet: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?
  • Hamlet: To be, or not to be: that is the question
Subgenres of Drama
Comedies and Tragedies
  • Comedies
  • Things go poorly for most of the story but it ends happily.
  • Tragedies
  • Things go well for most of the story but it ends terribly.
  • Comedies = Weddings | Tragedies = Funerals
Poetry
Writing that is concerned with the beauty of language
  • There are many subgenres of poetry.
  • Forms: haikus or sonnets
  • Techniques: rhyming or rhythm
  • Poetry is a main literary genre.
Commonly Confused Subgenres
Some Tips and Tricks
  • Fairy tale and Fantasy
  • Fable and Fairy Tale - Look at the ending
  • Tall Tale and Legend - Consider the tone
  • Legend and Historical Fiction - Look at the author
  • Biography and Autobiography - Look at the author
  • Science Fiction and Fantasy - Look at the setting
In Review
  • There are 5 main genres.
  • Identify the main genre first, then look for clues to identify the subgenre.
  • Look at the author credit line!

Review

Shown after slides, one question at a time

Review
The Science of Stink: Why Things Smell and Other Gross Mysteries by Dr. Barnaby P. Sniff
In this hilarious but entirely factual science book, Dr. Barnaby P. Sniff offers a comprehensive look at the biological and chemical processes responsible for body odor. Readers will learn how bacteria eat sweat to create body odor. Featuring detailed diagrams of the olfactory system, this book shows readers how scent molecules travel through the air.
  • Science Fiction
  • Biography
  • Informational Writing
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Tragedy
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This text provides factual information to readers.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
The Backyard Rule by Deshawn Carter
Owen's grandfather has a rule: every answer is in the backyard. Stuck on homework? Go outside and think. Bored? Build something with sticks. Owen has always thought his grandfather was the smartest person alive. The man can fix a truck engine by ear, build a fence without measuring, and name every bird in the county. But staying at Grandpa's farmhouse this summer, Owen starts noticing things that don't add up. Grandpa always lets Owen order for them both at restaurants, avoids paperwork, and laughs off text messages as "too small to read." When Owen discovers a drawer of unopened envelopes — insurance notices, medical forms, a letter from the county — the truth hits suddenly: his grandfather cannot read. Should Owen say something, or would that embarrass the toughest person he knows?
  • Historical Fiction
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Persuasive Writing
  • Science Fiction
  • Informational Writing
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a made-up story but it could happen in real life.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
The Lion and the Donkey retold by Brant Miller
As the Lion walked with quiet dignity through the forest, the surrounding animals respectfully cleared a path for him. However, a Donkey, lacking both sense and manners, brayed a rude insult at the Lion as he passed. A sharp flash of anger surged through the Lion, and he turned with lethal intent. Yet, upon recognizing the source of the disrespect, his tension dissolved into pure indifference. He chose to continue his walk in silence, determining that he would not elevate a fool by granting him the honor of a conflict. The moral is that one should not resent the remarks of a fool, but rather dismiss them entirely.
  • Tall Tale
  • Myth
  • Legend
  • Fable
  • Fairy Tale
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a very short story that is part of the folkloric tradition and has a clearly stated moral.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
Beyond the Cafeteria Doors by Kylie Barnes
In this essay, Kylie Barnes argues that off-campus lunch will help prepare students for adulthood. She supports her position by outlining the practical benefits, such as relieving an overcrowded cafeteria staff. Barnes also argues that leaving campus provides a crucial mental health break for students. They can decompress and return to afternoon classes with renewed focus. She closes with a direct call to action, urging the student body to sign a petition to demand a policy reform.She believes off-campus lunch will be better for all.
  • Informational Writing
  • Autobiography
  • Persuasive Writing
  • Biography
  • Science Fiction
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This text attempts to convince the reader to support off-campus lunch.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
Calamity Jake and the River That Wouldn't Stop retold by Wanda Pike
Frontier folks loved to tell stories about Calamity Jake, a cowboy so oversized that his boots looked like boats and his shadow could cool a whole corral. When spring rains turned the river into a roaring monster that swallowed fences and threatened the town, Jake decided waiting on nature was taking too long. He bent down and drank the flood down as casually as lemonade on a hot day. Legend has it he swallowed so much water that the fish filed a complaint. With one last gulp, he redirected the leftover water into a distant canyon "so it wouldn't go to waste," accidentally creating a lake big enough for steamboats. Folks say he burped so loud it scared away the rainclouds!
  • Tall Tale
  • Myth
  • Legend
  • Fable
  • Fairy Tale
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This story has been retold many times, it features humorous exaggeration, and it is set in the American frontier.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
The Library of Locked Doors by James R. Allen
After finding a magic key hidden in the spine of a discarded book, Jada unlocks a secret door. She discovers an entrance to a labyrinth threaded through the library's walls. Inside, corridors are lit by hovering candleflames, shelves rearrange themselves like living creatures, and certain books whisper when they think she isn't listening. A shadowy librarian warns Jada to return the key, but something tells Jada not to trust this figure. With each turn of the key, Jada opens new rooms: one where storms are bottled, one where small dragons gnaw at their chains, and one where mirrors show the past. If Jada can't master the rules of this hidden world, the library will choose an ending for her. Can Jada learn to control the key before she gets locked away?
  • Historical Fiction
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Fairy Tale
  • Science Fiction
  • Fantasy
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a story with magic and monsters and it is NOT part of the oral tradition.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
Mic Check: My Year in the Sound Booth by Jalen Rivers
In this true story, I—Jalen Rivers—describe the year I stopped hiding behind silence and stepped into the sound booth. I joined the school's podcast team expecting to stay in the background—writing, editing, doing anything except speaking. Instead, the microphone forced me to confront how fear shapes identity. In the beginning, I sounded uncertain, corrected myself too often, and obsessed over every imperfect sentence. Then I realized communication isn't about flawless delivery; it's about showing up honestly. The story follows my slow transformation from anxious participant to confident host, one episode at a time.
  • Biography
  • Comedy
  • Tragedy
  • Autobiography
  • Persuasive Writing
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
The author tells their own true life story from first-person perspective ("I," "my").
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde
In this play two gentlemen, Jack and Algernon, both adopt the fictional persona of "Ernest" to romance two young women. They navigate absurd misunderstandings and mistaken identities. Despite the chaotic web of lies they have spun, the play finishes with a happy ending where the lies are forgiven and both couples get to be together.
  • Comedy
  • Tragedy
  • Fairy Tale
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Fable
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a play with a happy ending.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
The Sign My Father Carried by Angela Ford
In February 1968, twelve-year-old Marcus helps his father press his uniform before each shift on a Memphis sanitation truck. When two workers are crushed to death by a malfunctioning compressor, the city refuses to take responsibility. Marcus's father joins over 1,300 men who walk off the job. The strikers march daily through downtown carrying signs that read "I Am a Man," but the mayor won't budge. Tensions rise when police use mace and clubs on the marchers. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. arrives in Memphis to lend his voice to the cause, Marcus begins sneaking out to join the picket line to be part of something bigger than himself.
  • Informational Writing
  • Realistic Fiction
  • Persuasive Writing
  • Historical Fiction
  • Science Fiction
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a made-up story based around a major historical event.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.
Review
Why the Sea Tastes of Salt adapted by Rena Malu
Long ago, the ocean was as fresh and drinkable as any mountain spring. The Sea Goddess Talua spent her days filtering impurities through a throne of living coral. Her brother, Mako, God of Storms, resented the fishermen's devotion to Talua. They left her offerings of shells and flowers while cursing his name every time the wind rose. Determined to prove his power, Mako began unleashing squalls at random, capsizing boats and scattering schools of fish into the abyss. Talua negotiated, raged, and even hid the tides in a sealed cave, but Mako would not relent. Eventually, Talua's grief overwhelmed her divine restraint. She wept into the deepest trench. Her tears were concentrated with sorrow no mortal could carry. They dissolved into every current. The bitterness spread until no corner of the ocean remained untouched. And that is why the sea tastes of salt.
  • Tall Tale
  • Myth
  • Legend
  • Fable
  • Fairy Tale
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
This is a story that is part of the folkloric tradition, has gods and goddesses, and accounts for the creation of something.
Optional Follow-up
How do you know? Explain your answer.