An outline of a character showing an overview of INDIRECT and DIRECT characterizations.
Lesson Preview · Grades 9-12

Characterization Lesson

Skill: Characterizations

Learn how to identify how an author reveals who a character is. You will learn direct characterization and indirect characterization, plus the STEAL framework for the five kinds of indirect clues: Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks. Available at three reading levels for grades 3 to 12.

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What is Characterization?
How authors reveal character
  • How does an author reveal who a character truly is?
  • Two main techniques. Skilled writers use both.
  • Let’s learn to identify each one.
Narrator and Characters
Two roles in every story
  • Narrator = the voice telling the story
  • Characters = the people, beings, or figures in the story
  • The narrator can also be a character, as in first-person narration.
Narration vs. Dialogue
  • Dialogue = words spoken by characters (inside quotation marks)
  • Narration = everything the narrator says (outside quotation marks)
  • These two have different voices and carry different weight as evidence.
  • Example
  • I am the narrator, so my words do not get quotation marks. But when a character speaks, their words do. My friend John just walked up and asked, "Do you want to go outside?" John's dialogue gets quotes because he is a character. My narration does not, because narration is not dialogue.
Two Types of Characterization
The author can tell us… or show us.
  • Direct Characterization = the narrator explicitly states a trait
  • Indirect Characterization = the author conveys a trait through clues
  • Tell or show? That is the big question.
Direct Characterization
The narrator explicitly names a character’s trait in the narration.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator names a personality trait in the narration.
  • The trait is explicit. The reader does not need to infer.
  • Example
  • Vivienne was a meticulous woman, the sort who alphabetized her spice rack and ironed her napkins.
Indirect Characterization
The author conveys a trait through clues the reader interprets.
  • Key Clues
  • The narrator never states the trait.
  • The reader must infer. The trait is implicit.
  • Example
  • Theo kept a mental list of who had said thank you and who had not. He held doors. He always remembered birthdays. He waited to see who noticed.
Explicit vs. Implicit
  • Explicit = clearly stated.
  • Ex: Keisha was ambitious.
  • Implicit = hinted or implied.
  • Ex: Keisha kept a list of every scholarship deadline taped above her desk.
  • Direct characterization is explicit. Indirect characterization is implicit. Let's look at another way to understand indirect characterization.
The STEAL Framework
Five categories of clues spell STEAL.
  • S = Speech: what the character says
  • T = Thoughts: what the character thinks or feels
  • E = Effect on others: how others respond
  • A = Actions: what the character does
  • L = Looks: how the character appears
  • Let’s look at each one with an example...
Speech
What the character says reveals who they are.
  • Look inside the quotation marks. Voice, word choice, and what the character chooses NOT to say all carry meaning.
  • Example
  • “Do whatever you want,” Kenji said, already opening the spreadsheet he had made for the group.
  • Trait: Frustrated, resentful, controlling
  • Speech is often strongest when the subtext matters.
Thoughts
What the character thinks or feels reveals who they are.
  • The narrator enters the character’s mind. Watch for signal verbs: thought, wondered, realized, hoped, feared, knew.
  • Example
  • Leah hoped that the apology sounded natural, even though she had practiced it in the mirror all morning.
  • Trait: anxiety, guilt, or deception
  • Careful: A narrated thought is indirect characterization unless the narrator directly labels the trait.
Effect on Others
How others respond to the character reveals who they are.
  • Track other characters’ behavior, speech, and even their silences around this one.
  • Example
  • When Principal Rojas entered the cafeteria, even the teachers straightened in their seats.
  • Trait: strict, respected, or intimidating
  • The clue sits in other people’s behavior.
Actions
What the character does reveals who they are.
  • Watch the character when they have a choice, especially when no one is watching.
  • Example
  • After the award ceremony, Talia corrected the announcer and named the teammate whose work had made the project possible.
  • Trait: honest, humble, or fair
Looks
How the character appears reveals who they are… when the description carries meaning.
  • The narrator selects details that point at something interior.
  • Example
  • Every sticker on Rowan’s laptop covered a scratch from a trip, a protest, or a failed experiment.
  • Trait: curiosity, activism, or pride
Mixed Characterization
A passage can tell and show.
  • Example
  • Jonah had a reputation for generosity. He volunteered for every fundraiser, smiled in every photo, and kept a private list of who thanked him publicly.
  • Sentence 1 is direct: the narrator says Jonah is generous.
  • Sentence 2 is indirect: Jonah's actions show that he may be generous, image-conscious, calculating, or all of these at once.
  • Good analysis allows traits to be layered, not flattened.
Characterization Review
  • Characterization is how authors reveal character traits.
  • Direct characterization: the narrator explicitly states a trait.
  • Indirect characterization: the narrator implies a trait through clues.
  • STEAL clues are Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks.
  • Now you’re ready to practice!

Review

Shown after slides, one question at a time

Review
Basketball practice officially started at 5:00, but Omar slipped into the gym an hour early, carrying his shoes by the laces so they wouldn't squeak across the hallway. He shot free throws alone until the rest of the team wandered in, and by then Omar's shirt was damp. When practice ended, he asked Coach Vela if he could stay an extra half an hour to continue practicing his free throw. What character trait is revealed about Omar?
  • Rude
  • Greedy
  • Dedicated
  • Silly
  • Careless
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Omar is dedicated because he arrives early, practices alone, and stays after practice to keep improving.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Diego shifted his weight from one foot to the other in the slow-creeping line at the post office, half a step behind his uncle, who was awkwardly balancing three large boxes. The line had not moved in nearly ten minutes. "This is honestly incredible," Diego said. "I have always dreamed of standing on this exact tile for the rest of my natural life." His uncle snorted. The line still did not move. A single clerk waved one customer forward. "Wow," Diego said evenly. "At this rate, we should be done sometime around my high school graduation." Which character trait is revealed about Diego?
  • Quiet
  • Sarcastic
  • Polite
  • Generous
  • Athletic
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Diego's comments are not authentic. Rather, he is mocking the slow line and his speech reveals a sarcastic sense of humor.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Mateo spotted the leather pouch beneath a bench near the dragon game, half hidden under a paper map of the theme park. Inside were twenty game tokens and a name card printed with "Kristina Bell." Mateo's friends were waving at him from the snack stand. Mateo looked once at the line, closed the pouch, and crossed the courtyard in the opposite direction. He went to the help desk at the arcade and turned the coin pouch into the lost-and-found. Which character trait is revealed about Mateo?
  • Honest
  • Boastful
  • Messy
  • Timid
  • Impatient
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Mateo is honest because he returns the pouch instead of taking the tokens, even though he could have used them.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Carl opened the bright gold envelope that announced, in foil letters, that he had won an all-expenses-paid trip to a tropical island. He paused with the letter in his hands. He had never entered a contest in his life. The instructions asked him to mail back his full name, his home address, and the long account number printed across his bank card in order to claim his prize. He wondered, briefly, who would actually need every one of those numbers from him just to book a flight. No one gives away vacations for free, he thought, no matter what the gold foil claims. Then he carried the letter to the recycling bin and dropped it inside. Which character trait is revealed about Carl?
  • Reckless
  • Lazy
  • Boastful
  • Greedy
  • Skeptical
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Carl's thoughts reveal his doubts: he wonders why anyone would need his bank card numbers and decides nobody gives vacations away for free. His thoughts show that he is skeptical.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Helen wanted to feed a sparrow from her open hand. The first afternoon she sat on the bottom porch step and held out a small pile of seeds for nearly an hour without moving. The bird never came near. The second afternoon she sat for two hours. The bird hopped within arm's length, considered her, and flew. The third afternoon it darted in, snatched a single seed, and vanished. By the end of the second week, the sparrow stood on her thumb long enough to finish a meal. Helen never once tried to hurry the process, and she never once gave up on it. Which character trait is revealed about Helen?
  • Foolish
  • Impulsive
  • Bossy
  • Patient
  • Selfish
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Helen sits still for hours, day after day, slowly earning the sparrow's trust without rushing or quitting. Her actions reveal patience.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
A single slice of pizza remained in the grease-spotted box, and Malik had not eaten since breakfast. His little cousin Dax kept stealing glances at it, then at Malik, as if waiting to see who would reach first. Malik's stomach growled loudly enough that Dax laughed. Without a word, Malik picked up the slice, tore it cleanly in two, and pushed the larger half across the table. "Go ahead, it's yours," he said, settling back with the smaller piece and eating it slowly, savoring every bite as though to stretch it twice as far. Which character trait is revealed about Malik?
  • Generous
  • Greedy
  • Shy
  • Bossy
  • Hungry
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Malik may be hungry but that's not really a trait that defines him. The better read here is that Malik still gives the bigger half to Dax, even though he is hungry. This reveals generosity. (Actions)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Theo planted his swimming trophy in the center of the lunch table, angling it so that the light caught the gold. "I won this," he announced, "though it's no surprise. I always win. I'm the fastest on the team, probably in the entire league." Jordan offered a quiet but agreeable "Nice job." Theo brushed it off with a flick of his hand. "Nice doesn't cover it. I'm simply the best, and I'll still be the best next season, and the one after that." Jordan looked down at his sandwich and said nothing more. Which character trait is revealed about Theo?
  • Considerate
  • Friendly
  • Boastful
  • Humble
  • Nervous
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Everything Theo says is about how great he is. His speech reveals he is boastful. Notice that he is the only one talking himself up. Jordan goes quiet, which is the effect on others.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Ms. Akers asked who could name the planets in order, and Hana, who knew every one, pulled her sleeves down over her knuckles and sank an inch lower in her chair. She kept her eyes locked on a scratch in her desk. When the teacher's gaze drifted toward her side of the room, heat climbed into Hana's face and she studied the desk harder, hand pinned firmly to her lap. Only afterward, walking out beside her friend, did Hana recite all eight planets in flawless order without pausing to think. Which character trait is revealed about Hana?
  • Bored
  • Unprepared
  • Rude
  • Confident
  • Timid
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Hana's appearance and body language (pulling her sleeves down, sinking in her seat, blushing, avoiding eye contact) show she is timid or shy. We know she is prepared because she lists the planets perfectly afterward. (Looks)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
The class meeting had one simple goal: name the new fish before lunch. It did not go well. "Bubbles is too silly," Camron announced. "Captain Finn is trying too hard. Goldie is so obvious it hurts my brain." Maya tapped her pencil on the voting sheet and asked, "Then what name do you actually like?" Camron leaned back, crossed his arms, and stared at the fish as if it had personally disappointed him. "I am not here to solve the problem," he said. "I am here to protect us from bad answers." Which character trait is revealed about Camron?
  • Curious
  • Argumentative
  • Helpful
  • Loyal
  • Considerate
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Camron is argumentative because he rejects every suggestion and focuses on disagreeing instead of helping choose a name.
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)
Review
Grandma Rosa stood in the aisle weighing two cans of beans, one in each hand like a scale. The smaller can carried the lower sticker price, but she worked the math under her breath, lips moving. "More beans per dollar in the big one," she concluded, returning the smaller can to its shelf. From her bag she produced a worn folder thick with coupons and selected three with care. At the register she fixed her eyes on the screen, verifying each price as it rang up, ready to flag the first one that didn't match the prices that she recalled from the shelf. Which character trait is revealed about Grandma Rosa?
  • Greedy
  • Wasteful
  • Generous
  • Indecisive
  • Frugal
Learn Why (shown after incorrect answer)
Grandma Rosa compares prices, uses coupons, and double-checks everything. Her actions and words show she is frugal (careful and smart with money). (Actions, Speech)
Optional Follow-up
Why do you believe this? (Refer to a STEAL Clue or just explain what you are thinking.)